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epoetin alfa
Epoetin alfa (rINN) is human erythropoietin produced in cell culture using recombinant DNA technology. Authorised by the European Medicines Agency on 28 August 2007, it stimulates erythropoiesis (increases red blood cell levels) and is used to treat anemia, commonly associated with chronic renal failure and cancer chemotherapy. Epoetin is manufactured by Amgen and is marketed by Amgen under the trade names Epogen and by Johnson & Johnson's subsidiary, Janseen Biotech, formerly Ortho Biotech Products, LP, as Procrit, pursuant to a Product License Agreement. Epogen and Procrit are the same drug. Its annual cost to U.S. patients was $8,447 per patient per year in 2009. Darbepoetin alfa (rINN) /dɑrbəˈpɔɪtɨn/ is a synthetic form of erythropoietin, also manufactured by Amgen. Darbepoetin is marketed by Amgen under the trade name Aranesp. The FDA warnings and safety precautions for Procrit, Epogen and Aransep are identical.
For several years, epoetin alfa has been the single greatest drug expenditure paid for by U.S. Medicare. In 2010, Medicare paid $2 billion. Dosing is controversial, and higher doses, to raise hematocrit to normal levels, are associated with higher risks of hospitalization, strokes and death.〔(Anemia drugs made billions, but at what cost? ) By Peter Whoriskey, Washington Post, July 19, 2012〕
== Medical uses ==
Erythropoietin is available as a therapeutic agent produced by recombinant DNA technology in mammalian cell culture. It is used in treating anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease and myelodysplasia, from the treatment of cancer (chemotherapy and radiation). Current research suggests that, aminoacid R103 to E mutation in erythropoietin makes it neuroprotective and non-erythropoietic.
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